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Rural Health Information Hub

Community Health Workers in Rural Settings

The American Public Health Association defines a community health worker (CHW) as:

“...a frontline public health worker who is a trusted member of and/or has an unusually close understanding of the community served.”

They are critically important in rural areas where health services are limited, particularly culturally appropriate and individualized services. CHWs often share characteristics with the population they serve, such as ethnicity, socio-economic status, language, or medical condition. While CHWs have traditionally worked with racial and ethnic minority populations, in recent years they have come to serve a wider variety of rural, urban, and underserved populations.

CHWs in rural areas work to improve healthcare outcomes by facilitating healthcare access, adding value to the healthcare team, and enriching the quality of life for their patients and clients, including those who are poor, underserved, and in racial and ethnic minority communities. CHWs act as a liaison between providers and consumers in rural and urban communities. Services may include:

  • Culturally-appropriate health and prevention education
  • Referrals for a wide range of health and social services
  • Assistance in navigating the health services system and in coordinating care
  • Advocating for individuals and communities within the health and social service system
  • Tracking and supporting progress in managing chronic conditions and achieving health goals
  • Basic health screening tests

This topic guide provides resources that identify different CHW models, demonstrate effective CHW programs, and outline the issues and challenges to the development of CHW programs.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are community health workers officially recognized members of the healthcare workforce?

Community health workers are recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) as health professionals and as an essential part of cost-effective healthcare systems. In 2009, the Bureau of Labor Statistics assigned the unique Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) code 21-1094 for community health workers. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) recognized CHWs as members of the healthcare workforce to promote healthy behaviors and outcomes, by increasing access to preventive services under Medicaid and implementing regulations allowing non-licensed healthcare workers such as CHWs to provide these services. Also, other Medicaid programs were developed that utilize CHWs in their staffing. The Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission document Medicaid Coverage of Community Health Worker Services describes “health homes,” which were created to help patients living with chronic illness, and gives information about how many states include CHWs in their health home models.

What are the various duties/roles of community health workers?

The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) provides a description of community health workers that identifies a broad spectrum of the basic duties or roles:

“Assist individuals and communities to adopt healthy behaviors. Conduct outreach for medical personnel or health organizations to implement programs in the community that promote, maintain, and improve individual and community health. May provide information on available resources, provide social support and informal counseling, advocate for individuals and community health needs, and provide services such as first aid and blood pressure screening. May collect data to help identify community health needs.”

However, since its classification in 2009 by the DOL, the community health worker field has grown and the occupation has been evolving. Other roles may be developed over time in order to provide better care and education to community members, particularly as the provision of healthcare services in rural areas changes. For additional duties and roles, see Roles of Community Health Workers and CHW Program Models from the Community Health Worker Toolkit. Also, The Community Health Worker Core Consensus (C3) Project: 2016 Recommendations on CHW Roles, Skills, and Qualities provides detailed tables listing the skills of community health workers and their role in achieving health equity and addressing social determinants of health. The C3 Project list of roles and skills was developed with wide input and guidance from the CHW field.

Where can I find current information and data on the types of healthcare industries that employ CHWs and the wages paid for this occupation?

Occupational Employment and Wages: 21-1094 Health Education Specialists and Community Health Workers, from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, provides current and comprehensive listings of national employment estimates and mean wage estimates for community health workers.

How can our healthcare organization start, integrate, and/or sustain a community health worker program?

The Community Health Worker Toolkit can help rural organizations learn about and evaluate opportunities for developing a CHW program, and provides resources and best practices developed by successful CHW programs. This toolkit comprises seven modules, each concentrating on different aspects of CHW programs including program models, training approaches, implementation, sustainability, and evaluation.

When integrating a CHW program into a healthcare organization, several factors should be addressed to ensure an effective team effort. For example, the healthcare staff should understand the role of CHWs on the healthcare team, including the extent of their services. Also, individual case conferences between healthcare team members that include CHWs may facilitate and support integration. See Integrating Community Health Workers into Complex Care Teams: Key Considerations for additional information regarding the recruiting, hiring, training, and retention of CHWs.

The Association of State and Territorial Health Officials document How Community Health Workers Are Impacting Rural Communities describes Local Health Equity Action Teams (LHEATs), created through cooperative efforts between the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and the University of Kansas Medical Center. Six of the 10 LHEATs are in rural counties, where the CHWs employed by the LHEATs identify patient needs and other barriers to care, and then formulate plans to address those challenges.

Showing the benefit of the program is an important step in sustaining a CHW program. The ROI Educational Tool, offered by MHP Salud, (free registration required to view resources) helps organizations identify the key elements for conducting a return on investment analysis in order to prove the value of the program.

Where can I find funding to help develop a community health worker program in our rural healthcare organization?

Healthcare facilities and local agencies often use grants or state and federal funds to pay CHWs. Although grant funders may not specifically say they support the development of a community health worker program, they may be clear on their mission to improve rural healthcare access and outcomes for underserved populations through innovation and promising practices. The development of a community health worker program may be the perfect solution to foster that mission. Programs such as the Community Health Worker-based Chronic Care Management Program in Appalachia use grant funding for initial operating expenses and subsequent analysis, and then use these results to encourage financial support from multiple organizations, including making the business case for reimbursement from payers.

See our Funding by Topic: Community health workers section for a list of funding opportunities. Also, the Grant Funding for Community Health Worker Programs section of the Community Health Worker Toolkit includes a list of foundations, organizations, and federal agencies that have funded CHW programs and research, and provides examples of what they have done. The National Association of Community Health Workers document Sustainable Financing of Community Health Worker Employment describes financing options including policy mechanisms available under Medicaid and Medicare, alternative payment structures, demonstration waivers, and Delivery System Reform Incentive Payments.

Increasingly, states are supporting the expansion of CHW programs with sustainable funding through Medicaid reimbursement. For information describing how states fund, train, and certify CHWs, see the National Academy for State Health Policy's State Community Health Worker Policies funding map.

How can CHW programs pay for themselves within an ACO model?

CHW programs can work well within Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). The ACO model provides financial incentives to organizations that efficiently and effectively manage patient care. CHWs can help ACOs improve health outcomes while reducing the cost of care, particularly for high-utilizer patients. For additional information on opportunities to financially support CHW programs, see CHW Toolkit: Summary of Regulatory and Payment Processes and Affordable Care Act Opportunities for Community Health Workers.

Do community health workers need to be certified?

Some states require community health workers to have state-level certification through completion of an approved training program and acquisition of specific skills, but other states do not require certification. If credentialing is required, it is often overseen by a local health department or a state-level agency.

As the community health worker profession grows, more states have developed a certification process. There is no national CHW certification. For additional information on the certification and qualifications of CHWs at the state level, check with the state health department or CHW association.

What kind of training do CHWs need and can a rural healthcare organization develop its own training program?

CHW training infrastructure varies widely from state to state. Academic programs, health systems, and community-based organizations train CHWs at various levels of instruction. Generally, the training of CHWs depends on the needs of the community and the healthcare organization. Most CHW training programs are local and may be employer driven. Training organizations customize their curriculum to best fit their own needs, or those of their community. Components can include:

  • Familiarity with and respect for other cultures
  • Patient intake and assessment
  • Screening recommendations
  • Risk factors
  • Insurance eligibility and enrollment
  • Communication skills
  • Health promotion
  • Disease prevention and management
  • Service coordination skills
  • Use of technology

CHW training programs have increased in number in recent years, with numerous programs available across the country. Some offer college credit while others are community based to meet the needs of the local population. CHW continuing education programs are also expanding to include specialties, such as training on the management of patients with complex diabetes offered through videoconferencing technology from New Mexico's Project ECHO. In addition, the National Institute of Health (NIH) supports a CHW Health Disparities Initiative focused on reducing health disparities in underserved and minority populations by providing health education resources and training. The Training for Community Health Workers section of our Community Health Worker Toolkit contains additional information on the development of a CHW training program. For information on the certification, credentialing, and qualifications of CHWs, see The Evolution, Expansion, and Effectiveness of Community Health Workers and Community Health Worker: Academic Requirements. The National Association of CHWs also maintains a list of CHW training programs across the U.S.

The Community Health Worker Assessment Toolkit developed by the Community Health Worker Core Consensus Project (C3 Project) provides information on how to track and foster CHW skills development. According to the C3 Project, assessing CHW skills can reduce turnover, improve capacity to serve clients, and enhance effectiveness when working in a team environment. The toolkit outlines the steps necessary to develop an assessment, and offers guiding principles and best practices for assessing CHW skills contributed by CHW supervisors, trainers, and employers currently doing assessments.

Should CHW training programs be formally certified?

Not all states require certification of CHW training programs. Some states mandate a certain amount of training from a certified trainer for an individual to work as a community health worker. The trend to standardize and certify community health worker training programs appears to be growing.

There are advantages to developing state-certified CHW training programs by promoting a common, transferable knowledge base that can be used in many settings. Also, by providing training that meets certain standards or certification, CHWs may receive the recognition of other healthcare professionals and of the communities where they serve, and better compensation.

Texas was a leader in early efforts to certify CHW training programs — see publications from the state's work in this area at Promotora or Community Health Worker Training and Certification Program: 2021 Annual Report and Community Health Worker or Promotor(a) Training and Certification Program.

For additional information about the certification of CHW training programs, see Community Health Workers: Roles and Opportunities in Health Care Delivery System Reform, Community Health Worker (CHW) Toolkit: A Guide for Employers, and resources available from the National Association of Community Health Workers.

Last Updated: 7/24/2023
Last Reviewed: 7/24/2023